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Peter von Hagenbach (or Pierre de Hagenbach or Pietro di Hagenbach or Pierre d’Archambaud or Pierre d'Aquenbacq, circa 1420 – May 9, 1474) was a Bourguignon knight from Alsace and Germanic military and civil commander. He was born into an Alsatian-Burgundian family, originally from Hagenbach and owned a castle there. He was instated as bailiff of Upper Alsace by Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, to administer the territories and rights in Upper Alsace which had been mortgaged by Duke Sigmund of Further Austria for 50,000 florins in the Treaty of St. Omer in 1469. There he coined the term ''Landsknecht''—from German, ''Land'' ("land, country") + ''Knecht'' ("servant"). It was originally intended to indicate soldiers of the lowlands of the Holy Roman Empire as opposed to the Swiss mercenaries. As early as 1500 the misleading spelling of ''Lanzknecht'' became common because of the association with ''Lanze'' ("lance"). Following a rebellion by towns of the Upper Rhine against his tyranny, Hagenbach was put on trial for the atrocities committed during the occupation of Breisach, found guilty of war crimes, and beheaded〔(An Introduction to the International Criminal Court ) William A. Schabas, Cambridge University Press, Third Edition〕 at Breisach am Rhein. His trial by an ad hoc tribunal of the Holy Roman Empire in 1474, was the first “international” recognition of commanders’ obligations to act lawfully.〔(The evolution of individual criminal responsibility under international law ) By Edoardo Greppi, Associate Professor of International Law at the University of Turin, Italy, International Committee of the Red Cross No. 835, p. 531-553, October 30, 1999.〕〔(Exhibit highlights the first international war crimes tribunal ) by Linda Grant, Harvard Law Bulletin.〕 He was convicted of crimes "he as a knight was deemed to have a duty to prevent." He defended himself by arguing that he was only following orders,〔 from the Duke of Burgundy to whom the Holy Roman Empire had given Breisach.〔(The Perennial Conflict Between International Criminal Justice and Realpolitik ) February 10, 2006 Draft by M. Cherif Bassiouni -Distinguished Research Professor of Law and President, International Human Rights Law Institute, DePaul University College of Law, To be Presented March 14, 2006 as the 38th Henry J. Miller Distinguished Lecture, Georgia State University College of Law, and to appear in the Georgia State University Law Review〕 Despite the fact there was no explicit use of a doctrine of command responsibility it is seen as the first trial based on that principle.〔〔(Command Responsibility ) The Mens Rea Requirement, By Eugenia Levine, Global Policy Forum, February 2005〕 ==See also== *Burgundian Wars 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Peter von Hagenbach」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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